Hamlets isolation essays

Hamlet's confinement papers One's confinement is frequently brought about by a shocking occasion. The distinction of assessments conveyed by contradicting parties during these occasions causes contentions which lead to disconnection. One individual's detachment can cause their loved ones awful difficulties and feelings of despair. Disconnection ruins connections as well as can bring about the obliteration, disappointment and frequently frenzy of the individual being estranged. At the point when one can't deal with the partition being forced on them by others one begins to disengage themselves. At the point when one in segregated they normally don't have the ability to change their circumstance. All through Shakespeare's Hamlet the principle character is confined from the individuals and home that he adores most by Polonius, the ruler chamberlain, by Gertrude, his mom, and by Claudius, his uncle. Polonius assumed a significant job in confining Hamlet from the one he adores. Polonius precluded Hamlet from seeing his girl, Ophelia. He didn't confide in the aims the ruler had for his girl and attempted to stop her from having a relationship with him. He expected that he would hurt her and in this manner exhorted her by saying: Try not to accept his promises, for they are intermediaries , Not of that color which their ventures appear, Be that as it may, unimportant implorations of unholy suits, Breathing like blessed and devout bawds, Before long a short time later Hamlet expressed carrying on amazingly furious toward Ophelia. He went to her wearing clothes and seriously disarranged and clamed that he didn't adore her and never had. Along these lines, she educated her dad regarding this upsetting conduct. Polonius carried this data to the ruler and sovereign expressing ...I swear I utilize no workmanship by any means. That he is distraught, 'tis true... (ii 96-97) Polonius had an incredible abhorrence toward Hamlet and therefore denied all rights to see his little girl. Gertrude estranged her solitary child from herself by conflicting with everythi ... <!

Trave and hotel industry in Hawaii Research Paper

Trave and lodging industry in Hawaii - Research Paper Example In spite of the fact that farming which has assortment like blossom development, macadamia nuts and papaya, manganese knob mining and film creation have expanded Hawaii’s monetary base the travel industry despite everything assumes a significant job ( Hawaii 9 pp3). Aberrant work is in areas like vehicle and retail. At the point when utilized people spend their wages and compensations on merchandise and enterprises, it prompts more occupations creation. This is alluded however financial specialist as multiplier impact. The travel industry gets outside trade; universal visitors change their cash into Hawaii money to have the option to pay for their experience. In this manner, the host nation gets remote trade to spend on its costs, for example, instructive and clinical offices (Tourism and the economy, 12). The travel industry is frequently occasional; this causes economy of Hawaii to vacillate with all coming season. The precarious financial framework makes it difficult for the legislature to assess yearly spending plans on the grounds that different seasons will be high when contrasted with different years. Over reliance on the travel industry will have a negative impact to the economy during low seasons. Second, the travel industry division is constantly influenced by current issues; weakness issues influence the travel industry adversely which in the long run influences the economy. For example the September 11 assault decreased the guest number in Hawaii (Tourism and the economy, 12). The travel industry and cordiality industry in Hawaii produces one out of each five occupations. The business gives jobs in cafés, lodgings, vehicle rental organizations, security administrations, amusement, retail locations, carriers, air terminal and numerous different activities that flexibly products and ventures to vacationers (Sharma, pp 127). During high the travel industry seasons in Hawaii interest for laborers is high. For this situation, more individuals are utilized in the travel industry and friendliness part. In deciding the work rates, circumstances measurable procedures modification is utilized. Hawaii’ occasionally balanced rates were, joblessness rate for November 2011,

How to Write the Oberlin Supplement 2019-2020 TKG

How to Write the Oberlin Supplement 2019-2020 Hi Students! If you are looking for the Common Application supplement for the Oberlin College of Arts and Sciences (not the Conservatory of Music), you'll probably be glad to hear that Oberlin removed it as of September.  While there was a supplement in the past, there is no longer! There are a few reasons why colleges decide not to use supplements. For example, reading supplements lengthens the amount of time it takes to review each application. This means paying more people to do more work than they would be if there weren’t a few extra questions. There is one particularly strong reason, however, that has nothing to do with money but has everything to do with clout. One of the ways that colleges are ranked is by the number of applications they receive. Another way they are ranked is based on their acceptance rate. High number of applications + low acceptance rates = better rankings. The fastest way to increase the number of applications without having to invest any money is by re moving a supplement. The easier it is to apply, the logic goes, the more people will do it. More applications for the same number of slots also means a lower acceptance rate, so it’s a one-two punch. We don’t know whether this is why Oberlin chose to be supplement-free suddenly, but it is a trend among colleges, especially small liberal arts colleges. We’re keeping our original post below incase Oberlin changes again:  Oberlin College is the oldest co-ed liberal arts school in America, big emphasis on the word ‘liberal.’ Known for its protests of slavery, Vietnam, and modern-day cultural appropriation, the Ohio college attracts artists from across the disciplines, particularly those who seek out its renowned music program. With an acceptance rate of 34% and an undergraduate enrollment of 2,800, this is the ideal school for someone interested in true small liberal arts college experience. (By the way, they even have a program in which students can rent famous works of art f or $5.00/semester). The Purpose of the Supplement Before you do anything, consider the entire application process. There are myriad parts (of which the supplement is just one). You submit your grades, your classes, test scores, teacher recommendations, a personal statement, and a resume, among other items. Stop and ask yourself: what’s the point?We don’t pose that question in a hopeless, rhetorical sense. We ask it literally. The reason colleges want all that information is they want to get to know you. Consider, then, that each part of the application should tell them something new about you. You’re going to spend a lot of time and effort on all components of each application, so you want to make sure that each one counts.  Start at the Top  Put yourself in the shoes of the person reading your application. They know nothing about you except what they see on paper in front of them. Their job is not just to decide if they like you, but to see if you’re a good fit for Oberlin . (Being likeable helps, too). The supplement is meant for you to highlight who you are and how that person (you) is a good fit for this school. The Oberlin SupplementHow did your interest in Oberlin develop and what aspects of our college community most excite you? (250 words)The Oberlin supplement is as straightforward as it gets. The question is really “why do you want to go here?”  Do some heavy research into Oberlin. Think about how you want to position yourself academically. Your classes, scores, and extra-curriculars should tell a story about an area of expertise you’ve developed. Your intended major needs to be in line with that area of expertise. (One note: don’t ever say you’re not sure about what major you want to pursue. You can decide to go in undeclared later, but for now, be committed to something specific).   Next, do some deep research into that area of expertise at Oberlin. If you want to study music, don’t just say    â€œI want to go here because I l ove music and the music conservatory is world-renowned.” Identify the classes, professors, and extra-curriculars that would be the logical next step for you based on your high school experience. Think niche.  How do you fit into the picture? Tell a story with a beginning, middle, and end about an experience in high school that ties into your niche areaâ€"your academic and extra-curricular focus until this point. Remember, it shouldn’t be something redundant. It should be newly illuminating as far as your whole application goes. Tie-in the specific aspects of Oberlin that you would like to be a part of with the intention of highlighting how those two spheresâ€"who you are and what Oberlin has to offerâ€"are a great fit.  Need help writing a great supplement? Reach out to us here. We are experts at helping students identify what makes them unique.

Overview of the Sepoy

A sepoy was the name given to an Indian infantryman employed by the armies of the British East India Company  from 1700 to 1857 and later by the British Indian Army from 1858 to 1947. That change of control in colonial India, from the BEIC to the British government, actually came about as a result of the sepoys — or more specifically, because of the Indian Uprising of 1857, which is also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. Originally, the word sepoy  was used somewhat derogatorily by the British because it denoted a relatively untrained local militiaman. Later in the British East India Companys tenure, it was extended to mean even the ablest of native foot-soldiers. Origins and Perpetuations of the Word The term sepoy comes from the Urdu word sipahi, which is itself derived from the Persian word sipah, meaning army or horseman. For much of Persian history — from at least the Parthian era on, — there was not much distinction between a soldier and a horseman. Ironically, despite the words meaning, Indian cavalrymen in British India were not called sepoys, but sowars. In the Ottoman Empire in what is now Turkey, the word sipahi  was still used for cavalry troopers. However, the British took their usage from the Mughal Empire, which used sepahi to  designate Indian infantry soldiers. Perhaps as the Mughals were descended from some of the greatest cavalry fighters of Central Asia, they did not feel that Indian soldiers qualified as real cavalrymen. In any case, the Mughals armed their sepoys with all the latest weapons technology of the day. They carried rockets, grenades, and matchlock rifles by the time of Aurangzeb  who reigned from 1658 to 1707.   British and Modern Usage When the British began to use sepoys, they recruited them from Bombay and Madras, but only men from the higher castes were considered eligible to serve as soldiers. Sepoys in British units were supplied with weapons, unlike some of those who served local rulers. The pay was approximately the same, regardless of the employer, but the British were much more punctual about paying their soldiers regularly. They also provided rations rather than expecting the men to steal food from local villagers as they passed through a region. After the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, the British were hesitant to trust either Hindu or Muslim sepoys again. The soldiers from both major religions had joined the uprising, fueled by rumors (perhaps accurate) that the new rifle cartridges supplied by the British were greased with pork and beef tallow. Sepoys had to tear the cartridges open with their teeth, which meant that Hindus were ingesting sacred cattle, while Muslims were accidentally eating unclean pork. After this, the British for decades recruited most of their sepoys from among the Sikh religion instead. The sepoys fought for the BEIC and the  British Raj  not only within greater India ​but also in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, East Africa, and even Europe during World War I and World War II. In fact, more than 1 million Indian troops served in the name of the U.K. during the First World War. Today, the armies of India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh all still use the word sepoy to designate soldiers at the rank of private.

The First Time Africans Stepped Foot On America s Soil

Journey to Freedom The first time Africans stepped foot on America’s soil was in 1619, when they were brought to Jamestown, Virginia to help with the growth and development of tobacco. For the next 245 years, America admitted more than 10 million slaves through the Transatlantic Slave Trade and slavery was born. The Transatlantic Slave Trade, or the Triangular Trade, connected trade between North America, Africa, and Europe. From America, plantation crops such as tobacco and cotton was sent to Europe. From Europe, manufactured goods like cloth and guns were shipped to Africa. From Africa, African slaves—men, women and children-- were transported to America. The journey to America was inhuman and dreadful. There were about 600 slaves in the hull of a ship per trip, which traveled over 3,000 miles to America. Slaves were packed on top of each other sardine-style, with no bathroom breaks, and very small proportion of meals. Usually, one bucket of food was shared by about 10 people twice a day. Slaves were chained together, deeming them immobile, so they had no choice but to relieve themselves right where they sat. With different odors and feces, disease and sickness spread rapidly killing most of the slaves. If a slave die, money is lost, so if the weather permitted slaves were allowed on deck for fresh air. Once the ship arrived to America, crew ship members prepared the slaves to be sold to plantation owners. The slaves were bathed, shaved, and rubbed with oil so woundsShow MoreRelatedEssay On The American Dream1004 Words   |  5 Pagesit Only a Dream? From the moment colonists stepped foot on American soil, freedom flowed through their skin. The new country would bring endless opprotunities to anyone who wished to pursue their dreams. Through years of effort, the United States was born and along with it a sense of equality and meaning. Today, America has much to stand for. Although times were rough along the way, the American dream is one of being free and having a voice. America has proven itself to be the land of opprotunityRead MoreSlavery in Brazil3556 Words   |  15 Pagesis a weed that grows on every soil.† Between the 16th and 19th century in the Americas, millions on millions of slaves were brought to the New World. There purpose was to work. The economy of most European colonies in America was dependent on slaves. The land that was discovered in Americas was useless with out sufficient slave labor to exploit it. In this essay, I will focus on two nations where slavery played an enormous role in the development of that country. First, The United States, where inRead MoreReading Key3881 Words   |  16 Pagesterms old world and new world biased? Old World : Europeans fleeing poverty religious persecution. New World: North America 1. What conditions existed in what is today the United States that made it fertile ground for a great nation? Abundant natural resources Prior inhabitance cultivation of the land by the Native Americans The Shaping of North America Know: Great Basin: Lake Bonneville covering most of Idaho Utah today-it drained into the Pacific- drained theRead MoreCauses and Effects of Watershed Degradation7239 Words   |  29 PagesWind erosion 14 3.7 Over pumping of ground water 14 4. Effects of Watershed Degradation Page 15 4.1 Soil erosion 15 - 16 4.2 Water erosion 16 4.3 Desertification 16 4.4 Salinization and Nutrient Loss 16 - 17 4.5 Decline in soil fertility 17 4.6 Degradation of soil structure 17 - 18 4.7 Soil acidification 18 4.8 Water pollution 18 - 19 4.9 Wetland Degradation 19 20 5. Watershed ManagementRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesTiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. 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Ukr. voc. dev-ment funct-ing, etymol. doublets int-national words) The establishmentRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 PagesEMPIRES page 14 HOW DID conquest and trade shape early empires in the Near East? EARLY INDIAN CIVILIZATION page 16 WHAT INFLUENCES did the first Indus valley civilization have on later Indian religious and social practices? EARLY CHINESE CIVILIZATION page 23 WHY DID large territorial states arise in ancient China? THE RISE OF CIVILIZATION IN THE AMERICAS page 27 HOW DID agriculture influence the development of civilizations in Mesoamerica? 1 he earliest humans lived by hunting, fishing, andRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pages 65 APPLICATION SECOND EDITION E S S AY S APPLICATION BUSINESS SCHOOL HARVARD SUCCESSFUL 65 ECSNS A IYI O N S SE O D ED T With Analysis by the Staff of The Harbus, the Harvard Business School Newspaper ST. MARTIN’S GRIFFIN NEW YORK 65 SUCCESSFUL HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL APPLICATION ESSAYS, SECOND EDITION. Copyright  © 2009 byThe Harbus News Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. For-information, address St. Martins PressRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 PagesPress, Benin City in 1972. Professor Williamson died in early January 2005, with it still unpublished. The revision was prepared in the 1970s and 1980s and was typed camera-ready in a manuscript submitted to the same publishers in 1983. The publishers first delayed in responding and then finally admitted they had lost the copy. So only a photocopy of the original typed version exists. 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Stem Cell Research in Ethics - 999 Words

Stem Cell Research in Ethics We are entering a brave new world where one can grow a heart in a petri plate then go on to surgically putting it into a real living boy who desperately needs it. This sounds like a tale of fiction. However now, scientists are currently working to produce such organs that save lives and obviate the usual failure and feared rejection by the recipient’s body. Stem cell research has traditionally been perceived to be horrific when it destroys a living embryo itself in the process. However new sources and methods are thought to be the solution to stem cell and organ formation, especially since scientists use different way to go about the production of the stem cells. Various methods are now nearly usable and even in place in the last several years alone. Stem cell research is a viable growing field of interest. Ever since Nobel Prize winner Shinya Yamanaka’s induced pluripotent stem cells, (or iPSC’s) were announced, the science culture from Harvard to Tokyo has been in a race to see what new discoveries this could bring to the involvement of stem cells in research. Ever since Yamanaka their value is apparent. Cooperation in research by scientists from around the world helps explain the differences among stem cells, their purpose, and how they are made. This will help demonstrate the benefits we can receive from doing stem cell research. In the spectrum that we can foresee we are at the beginning of what stem cell research can do forShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research1557 Words   |  7 Pagesthese outstanding medical advances a self-renewing stem cell that regenerates and gives rise to all cells and tissues of the body was discovered. The controversy of such finding of abilities of stem cell is that they can only be extracted from the human embryo. 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In November 1998, researchers found a way to isolate and culture human embryonic stem cells, (Bevington 2005).Read MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research1643 Words   |  7 PagesMichael Thomas Philosophy 3520 Bioethics The Ethics of Stem Cell Research Science fiction has tried to encapsulate social responses that could arise with the development of genetically altered or â€Å"enhanced† human beings. Regenerative medicine, genetic cloning and life extension are all terms that sound like they came out of a fantastic film or novel, though they are in fact subjects of great research and heated debates. Embryonic stem cells are arguably the quintessential building block ofRead MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research Essay1994 Words   |  8 Pagesscience, stem cells have, and are still, been the subject of multiple court cases, some of which conclude with the defendant s case winning. For example in the Moore v. Regents of University of California et al, the plaintiff accused the Regents of University of California, specifically Dr. Golde, of using his cells for lucrative medical research without his permission (Moore v. The Regents of The University of California et al., 1990). This case doesn’t specifically address st em cells, but it openedRead MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research2651 Words   |  11 PagesThe Ethics of Stem Cell Research: How the Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Changed Them Few areas in science are surrounded by as much controversy as the area of stem cell research. Some scientists and doctors see it as a way to return their patients to wellness, while others claim it’s taking a life. Recent break-throughs in science and medicine may yield a safer alternative to the use of stem cells from embryos. Embryonic stem cell research should not be allowed, because it is unethical to takeRead More The Ethics of Stem Cell Research Essay1005 Words   |  5 Pages While some people might say that stem cell research is immoral and unethical, others believe that it is a magical solution for almost any problem, thus leading to a very controversial issue. Scientists have been searching for years for ways to eradicate incurable diseases and perform other medical procedures that yesterdays technology would not fix. With the rapidly arising, positive research on stem cell technology, the potential that exists to restore any deficiency is in the same way, like lyRead MoreThe Ethics of Stem Cell Research Essay741 Words   |  3 Pages Embryonic stem cell research can be easily defined. A stem is defined as something that is developed from. A cell is defined as a microscopic living organism. According to Dennis Hollinger, Embryonic stem cell research uses from the embryos inner cell mass that give rise to each of the human bodys many different tissue types(1). In our modern day society, stem cell research has become a controversial topic. Several people strongly oppose the idea of the research, but many are struggling forRead MoreThe Ethics And Morality Of Stem Cell Research1990 Words   |  8 Pages The Ethics and Morality Of Stem Cell Research When does life begin? Does it occur at the time of fertilization? Does it begin at 12 weeks? 6? Or is there some other test determining whether or not a life begins and along with it the rights, that reside to man. The natural rights that belong to every human being, most importantly of which, the right to life. This is the discussion and debate that have been in the forefront of controversial issues for the past 40 years. In most cases the topicRead MoreThe Ethics Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1520 Words   |  7 PagesGulyas American Government 16 December 2014 The Ethics of Embryonic Stem Cell Research In the 21st century, disease is rampant and for most diseases, we have no cure because we haven t researched them long enough to find a specialized cure. One option that we have is human embryonic stem cell (HESC) research. HESC research consists of using human embryonic stem cells, which are very flexible and adaptive to create the necessary cells to develop future cell-based therapies for currently untreatable diseasesRead MoreStem Cell Research, Ethics And Policy Essay2393 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Stem cell research and engineering is a widely disputed topic that often divides people in science, ethics, and religion. In order to fully understand the controversy surrounding this area of scientific research and discovery, one must be informed as to what stem cells are. In the article, â€Å"Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Research, Ethics and Policy†, stem cells are described as â€Å"primitive cells with the capacity to divide and give rise to more identical stem cells or to specialize and

Challenges and Barriers of Accounting-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Challenges of Accounting in Global Organizations. Answer: Introduction Accounting is one of the most integral parts of finance with the help of which an individual intends to identify record, measure and classify the financial information in order to maintain proper database in business profitability. Providing a good quality of services as well as products to the customers is not the only responsibility for a business organization for gaining international image and reputation. The business experts in order to maintain a global business in different geographical locations should focus on business profitability as well as employees performance. Accounting is the systematic way of maintaining both internal as well as external data record with the help of which the entire performance level of the organization can be evaluated. In this specific study the primary concern is to evaluate some of the major challenges that business experts are facing at the workplace while implementing accounting within their business process. Project Objective This specific study aims to evaluate the challenges of Accounting in Global Organizations. The primary objectives of this particular study are as follow: To critically evaluate the challenges and barriers that business experts have to face while implementing accounting within global organization To critically understand the overall impact of accounting in enhancing the overall performance level of the global organization To provide some of the major recommendations on how those identified challenges can be overcome by implementing necessary business strategies as well as policies Project Scope It has been observed that in last five years global business organizations intend to maintain entire process of database by using accounting software for maintaining a proper accuracy within data and information. After the implementation of accounting within the organization global business organizations are facing several challenges in maintaining a proper data record due to some important reasons (Hodges 2012). One of the most raising issues that global organizations are facing currently ensures the lack of technological skills. Large number of senior employees is associated within the global business organizations that are not compatible enough in maintaining financial data record with the help of software. As a result, those kinds of employees are facing innumerable difficulties in providing services within proper time. As a result, the entire flow of business is getting slow day by day. In order to run an international business the entire structure of tax compliance system is very much crucial. The finance executives have to follow different tax systems, tax rate and compliance requirements (Guthrie, Burritt and Evans 2012). In this kind of situation the finance executives have to face innumerable challenges while following the tax regulations of different geographical countries. Accounting is the key to maximize revenue. The entire data storage procedure is maintained systematically and chronologically only when people are flexible enough in operating data. An effective issue has been identified on behalf of the practitioners that employees are not very much flexible in handling overall database due to the lack of technological efficiency (He, Wong and Young 2012). In this kind of situation, the global business organizations are facing innumerable challenges in maintaining their entire process of business in the global market. Literature Review Previous literature review Balakrishnan, K., Watts, R. and Zuo, L., 2016. The effect of accounting conservatism on corporate investment during the global financial crisis.Journal of Business Finance Accounting,43(5-6), pp.513-542. The article highlights the importance of accounting on a global basis. The purpose of this article was to examine the relationship between accounting and the crisis. This paper critically analysis that may be the implications of accounting must not be properly done on a global basis but accounting plays a very influential role in every organization on a global basis. The accounting development is mostly done in response to the economic pressure within any organization but after enabling accounting system in the organization, it emancipates the further development of the organization. This article reviews the importance of accounting on a global basis until the year of 2012 and states that on global context the transformation of accounting system is based on many factors, which are the social and political pressures. Through this article, we get to know the necessity of accounting in global organization, which is that Accounting helps every organization on a global basis to keep recor ds of all the monetary transactions. The international accounting regulation is the sole regulation that helps in the incorporation of the accounting database in every organization. This article also discusses that the accounting system of every organization is the set of records that helps the organization in crisis management and experience a better financial environment within the organization. In this article, it is found that accounting rules seems to be very critical at the time of credit crisis and this is marked as a very reinforcing factor in the crisis period. From this article, this can be known that there is a vast importance of accounting in global organization and for the chosen topic; this article will help in determining the importance. This article does not clearly identify the reason behind the importance of accounting in the global context, which is necessary as having the reason will help the system to be updated with the changing demographics of the world. Importance of accounting on global organization Accounting on a global basis facilitates the international financial regulatory framework and globalization on the other hand is very important issue that has grabbed the hold of the economic state of the world (Beatty and Liao 2014). Implementing of accounting system in the organizations has rendered a profit for the business experts and that is the maintenance of a proper data and information with the help of accounting software. The emerging global system would have failed if accounting was not a part of the organization and that is why the board of the international accounting standard has initiated the development of the accounting system on a global basis (Hall and Lawson 2014). This is to incorporate the set of rules, which are understandable and transparent and have no problem in incorporating the system in organization to have the records of the financial statements. Accounting is an effective key, which helps in maximizing revenue. The data storage procedure of accounting i s maintained systematically and chronologically only when people are flexible enough in operating data. However, the employees face an effective issue has been identified on behalf of the practitioners that employees are not very much flexible in handling overall database due to the lack of technological efficiency (Apostolou et al. 2015). In this kind of situation, the global business organizations are facing innumerable challenges in maintaining their entire process of business in the global market. After the implementation of accounting system within the organization global organizations, it is seen that they are facing several challenges in maintaining a proper data record due to some important reasons. One of the most disturbing issues that global organizations are facing currently ensures the lack of technological skills. There are large number of senior employees who are associated within the global business organizations but they are not still comfortable enough to maintain the record of the financial data with the help of accounting software (Baker, Bloom and Davis 2016). The reason behind why the global organization needs incorporation of accounting system is to note the movement of the funds of the organization in the capital market. This is because in order to maintain the organizations capital recorded pro perly, every organization needs to have a record of their economic performance. This will keep the account of the economic transaction of the organization for the crisis period (Cingano 2014). The accounting system is a costly process. Many countries are seen to upgrade their national accounting standards to the international accounting standards to avoid any future crisis while being a part of the global market. There are still many organizations that fail to keep the actual records of the companys transaction and faces many problems (Claessens 2015). Hence, it is recommended that all the company should have the record of their transaction so that they can be efficient enough to dwell in the global market. The accounting system will help them to have their own records which will lead to increase in profit and for the employees who are not efficient enough to keep the records, training must be conducted so that they can be aware of the fact about how to keep the records of the trans actions (Lusardi and Mitchell 2014). Challenges of accounting on global organization As emphasized by Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer (2014), numerous business experts have faced innumerable challenges in using accounting within the global business organization. This particular scholar believes that a financial reporting system with the support of proper governance, sound regulatory system and systematic auditing system is the key way for economic development. Business executives who are associated with the finance department should know how to operate accounting for maintaining a systematic financial transaction. However, in order to run the entire process of business global organizations have faced innumerable challenges in maintaining a proper financial record properly. The challenges are as follows: Different regulations and legislations: Papaspyropoulos et al. (2012) Tax regulation varies from one country to another. Business experts have to follow different forms of tax legislation belonging to different geographical countries. While maintaining the financial record the finance executives should have an in-depth overview about the taxation policies. Based on the regulation the fianc executives have to maintain database. Therefore, the business executives have to get an in-depth overview about the tax rate policies of different countries for maintaining the data record. In most of the cases business executives do not have detailed knowledge about the taxation policies. Automatically, maintaining a systematic data record on the overall business process has become a major issue for the finance executives. Finding efficient people In order to become an eminent part of the finance department an individual should have finance background with efficiency in technology. It has been observed that organizations have to face challenges in hiring efficient employees for maintaining the entire financial data record. Roman, Roman and Meier (2014) opined that senior employees who are already associated with the business process are not efficient enough in operating accounting with the help of advanced technology. In this kind of situation, the business experts are facing innumerable challenges maintaining a global business. This particular study has focused to evaluate some of the major challenges of accounting on global organization. As per the opinion of Guthrie and Parker (2014), organizations can implement a training and development session for employees in order to enhance their technological skill. Otherwise, the entire business process can face a massive consequence in handling the entire situation. Internal change issues: Zeff (2012) stated that organizations are facing innumerable challenges in managing internal data properly. Business executives associated with the finance department are not efficient enough in maintaining data record by using accounting software. As a result, the employee performance as well as remuneration record is not marinated properly. Employees are getting deprived of receiving their justified salary as well as incentives properly. In this kind of situation the entire internal structure is getting hampered day by day. Employees are facing issues in receiving their remuneration properly. The lack of motivation is happening at the workplace of global organizations. Automatically, the rate of employee turnover is getting high day by day. Technology issues: Bayerlein (2015) opined that maintaining financial database with the help of accounting is highly dependent on technology. If an individual employee has to face a technological error the entire process of business becomes worthless. In this kind of situation, the customers and the employees show the reluctant attitude in being associated with the organization. Due to the technological error the business experts may have to face difficulties in evaluating the organizational profitability. At the same time, the overall performance record of the employees has already been lost due to sudden technological barrier (Schaffartzik, Wiedenhofer and Eisenmenger 2015). This particular issue is a serious concern for the business experts for maintaining global organization systematically. Literature gap: The previous article critically discusses the importance of the accounting system in any organization based on global market and it largely influences the using of accounting system in the organizations but the portion this lacks is to provide the brief idea about why the incorporation of accounting system is important in every organization. This study further highlights the reason behind the incorporation of accounting system in every organization and highlights the importance of it in global perspective. Hence, it can be said that over the years the process of accounting system has evolved along with increasing its need in the global sector. Summary: From the above it can be seen that earlier the importance of accounting was seen but the reason behind that was unknown and with changing years the reason has been known. However with due course of time, now it can be said that the reason behind the incorporation of accounting on global basis is that every organization needs to have the record of their financial statements so that it helps them to use their capital according to their needs. Accounting helps every organization to have the full records of the monetary transaction and helps the organization to utilize the capital as per its need. Conclusion The entire study has provided an in-depth overview about the necessary challenges of accounting that global organizations have to face for running their entire process of business systematically. With the rhythmic progress of globalization the necessary demands as well as employees are changing gradually. Therefore, implementation of accounting within the business process has rendered a privilege for the business experts in maintaining a proper data and information with the help of accounting software. While evaluating the entire research issue the study has decided to focus on major challenges in implementing accounting software for maintaining financial record. Reference List Apostolou, B., Dorminey, J.W., Hassell, J.M. and Rebele, J.E., 2015. Accounting education literature review (20132014).Journal of Accounting Education,33(2), pp.69-127. Baker, S.R., Bloom, N. and Davis, S.J., 2016. Measuring economic policy uncertainty.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,131(4), pp.1593-1636. Bayerlein, L., 2015. Curriculum innovation in undergraduate accounting degree programmes through virtual internships.Education+ Training,57(6), pp.673-684. Beatty, A. and Liao, S., 2014. Financial accounting in the banking industry: A review of the empirical literature.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.339-383. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B. eds., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Cingano, F., 2014. Trends in income inequality and its impact on economic growth. Claessens, S., 2015. An overview of macroprudential policy tools. Guthrie, J. and D. Parker, L., 2014. The global accounting academic: what counts!.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(1), pp.2-14. Guthrie, J., Burritt, R. and Evans, E., 2012. Challenges for accounting pathways in Australia in 2012: an introduction.Emerging pathways for the next generation of accountants,9. Hall, J.C. and Lawson, R.A., 2014. Economic freedom of the world: an accounting of the literature.Contemporary Economic Policy,32(1), pp.1-19. He, X., Wong, T.J. and Young, D., 2012. Challenges for implementation of fair value accounting in emerging markets: Evidence from China.Contemporary Accounting Research,29(2), pp.538-562. Hodges, R., 2012. Joined?up government and the challenges to accounting and accountability researchers.Financial Accountability Management,28(1), pp.26-51. Lusardi, A. and Mitchell, O.S., 2014. The economic importance of financial literacy: Theory and evidence.Journal of Economic Literature,52(1), pp.5-44. Papaspyropoulos, K.G., Blioumis, V., Christodoulou, A.S., Birtsas, P.K. and Skordas, K.E., 2012. Challenges in implementing environmental management accounting tools: the case of a nonprofit forestry organization.Journal of Cleaner Production,29, pp.132-143. Roman, C., Roman, A.G. and Meier, E., 2014. The challenges of accounting profession as generated by controlling.Theoretical Applied Economics,21(11). Schaffartzik, A., Wiedenhofer, D. and Eisenmenger, N., 2015. Raw material equivalents: the challenges of accounting for sustainability in a globalized world.Sustainability,7(5), pp.5345-5370. Zeff, S.A., 2012. The Evolution of the IASC into the IASB, and the Challenges it Faces.The accounting review,87(3), pp.807-837.

Why Migraines Occur Essay Example

Why Migraines Occur Essay Migraine tends to affect more than 300 million people from across the world.   For many, the condition is more than a headache and is characterized by several distinctive symptom phases.   The condition is characterized by severe, debilitating and disabling headache that often needs no description.   The people suffering from migraine also had several other problems including photophobia, burning, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, altitude sickness, etc.   Migraine may have several other implications.   About 17 billion dollars a year is lost due to lost work, disabilities and healthcare expenditure owing due to headache.   Through historical records, it has been suggested that the disorder has affected man for more than 7000 years.   However, medicine still continues not to identify the cause and a treatment that could help cure the disorder.   Many people do not even approach the doctor to get the disorder treated as they feel that medical treatment can do litt le or no help.   Earlier, scientific research proved that the disorder was a vascular condition, but today scientists have identified that it is more of a neurological condition that develops primarily from pathology in the brain stem cells.   The nerve cell malfunction tends to sweep across other parts of the brain.   Today, the exact cause of migraine is still unknown, but scientists are developing several new forms of treatment for the condition including gene therapy (after considering the genetic basis of the disease), molecular biology and imaging of the brain.   This would enable to get back to normal activities faster (Dodick, 2008, Kantor, 2006). The neuro-vascular model which has been implicated for the cause of migraine includes vascular and neurological factors.   Another model frequently being considered is the Convergence Hypothesis that tries to associate the clinical symptoms with the pathophysiology of migraine.   According to this model, migraine is considered to be an event with a beginning, a mid and an end.   A symptom-based diagnostic approach would consider migraine during the peak stages.   With the convergence model, the entire process would be looked up on including the prodromal, the aura and the end phases.   Using the convergence model, the events can be drawn as a curve when charted against time (Curtis P. Schreiber, 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Why Migraines Occur specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Migraines Occur specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Migraines Occur specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Body Migraine is a chronic medical disorder characterized by disabling headache, nausea, vomiting and photophobia.   In many people, the throbbing headache may be experienced on one-side of the face. The condition usually occurs in 11 % of the people in the US.   Migraine is more common in people with a family risk of the condition. It occurs anywhere between the ages of 10 to 46 years, and is more common in women compared to men.   In women, the condition may even occur beyond till the age of 55 years.   During the period of pregnancy, the number of migranous attacks usually reduces.   During the 1980’s scientists found that migraine develop due to a disorder in the blood vessels that supply the brain.   However, today it is clear that the condition develops due changes in the brain, nerve pathways and the chemicals present in the brain (Dodick, 2008, Kantor, 2006). From one individual to another, the frequency, duration, severity and aggravating factors of migraine would differ significantly.   On an average, people suffer from migraine, one or two days every month.   About 10 % of the population gets the disorder every week and 20 % get the attacks every 2 to 3 days, and about 14 % develop a serious version of the disease, in which the symptoms are seen every alternate day (Dodick, 2008, Kantor, 2006). Several events may trigger or aggravate attacks of migraine including alcohol consumption, dehydration, physical stress, exertion, menstruation, emotional stress, anxiety, seasonal, climatic or weather changes, allergy, bright lights, loud noises, florescent lights, sleep alterations, missing meals, tension headache, use of birth control pills, lack of sleep, staying at higher altitudes, hunger, certain foods, smoking, tobacco consumption, etc.   Some of the foods that can trigger migraine attacks include foods containing tyramine, monosodium glutamate or nitrates. Some of the foods that contain tyramine include red wine, cheese, smoked fish, liver of chicken, bens, figs, etc, and foods that contain nitrate include hot dogs, salami and bacon.   Other foods that can also trigger migraine attacks include citrus fruits, bananas, avocados, onions, dairy products, chocolates, pickles, nuts, peanut butter, fermented products, etc.   The ancient Greeks were the ones to coin the word m igraine from ‘megrim’ meaning hemicrania or one-sided headache.   Galen considered migraine to be a painful disorder that affected one half of the head.   The Greeks considered to be caused due to descent of the vapors from the liver to the brain.   Later, in the 17th century, blood flow defects were considered to be the main cause for migraine rather than humors.   From the 17th century to the 1980’s, the vascular theory proved to be responsible cause for migraine.   Wolff from the Presbyterian hospital New York considered that migraine was caused due to dilatation and expansion of the blood vessels present in the brain.   Once the expansion of the blood vessels occurs, the pain-signaling neurons of the brain get activated, leading to a headache.   Before the headache actually occurs, there is a drop in the blood supply to the brain causing constriction of the blood vessels.   However, newer research work conducted in the field of migraine demons trates that the disorder is caused not due to vascular alterations but due to neurological changes.   Earlier it was thought that vascular flow of the blood in the brain had increased something like 3-fold times.   In fact, latest scientific evidence clearly suggests that just before the migraine attack, the cerebral blood flow is either normal or drops down a bit (Dodick, 2008, Kantor, 2006). The aura that occurs before the migraine attacks was a serious clue to the scientists that the disorder had a neurological basis.   The aura can be seen in two conditions, one in migraine as a preceding symptom and the other in epileptic seizures as a part of the sensory visual hallucinations.   The individual in migraine would be able to see stars, bright lights, sparks, lightning bolts, geometric designs, etc.   In some people weakness, speech impairments and tingling sensations develop.   In some people, the visual aura may not appear and all, but in other it may even occur during the entire headache phase.   Today, scientists have identified the exact mechanism of this aura.   A wave of intense nerve activity (cortical spreading depression) spreads throughout the cortex especially the areas of vision.   Following the hyperexcitability, there is a phase of neural inhibition.   During the phase of intense neuronal activity, there is active firing and a lot of energy is required.   Following the intense neuronal firing, the nerve cells require less quantity of blood.   The neuronal firing spreads at the rate of 2 to 3 millimeters every minute, and this is just the exact rate at which aura develops.   Besides affecting vision, the intense neuronal activity would also affect sensory and motor signals (Dodick, 2008 NINDS, 2008). Studies have clearly shown that genetic factors play a very important role in the development of migraine.   The genetic susceptibility of migraine is similar to other disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, etc.   In identical twins, the other twin is at a higher risk of developing the disorder, when one twin actually suffers from it.   However, non-genetic or environmental factors play an important role in the development of migraine.   Genetic factors may increase the excitability of the neurons, leading to a disturbance in the ion transportation system.   Several other disorders may also be as a cause of ion transportation defects including seizures and cardiac arrhythmias (Dodick, 2008 NINDS, 2008). The exact way in which the spreading cortical depression of neurons causes’ headache is not understood clearly, but scientists feel that the trigeminal nerve may be involved.   The manner in which the trigeminal nerve causes pain sensation is not understood clearly.   When the intense cortical depression spreads, it causes chemical changes in the neurotransmitters leading the trigeminal nerve to transmit pain sensations.   The spreading depression can also activate the trigeminal nerves in the subcortical regions leading to headache.   The mechanism of aura may operate in both, people suffering from migraine with or without aura.   However, in people who do not suffer from aura may develop other symptoms including tiredness, weakness or difficulty concentrating.   Besides, involvement of the cortical and the subcortical regions in migraine, the brain stem (an ancient part of the brain) may be responsible for migraine pain.   The brain stem contains three groups o f nuclei that can play an important role in migraine.   The nuclei would inhibit the firing of the trigeminal nerve, thus causing the trigeminal neuron to fire without any pain signal.   There would be an incoming pain signal although actually there are no stimuli.   Besides, involvement of the trigeminal nerve from the brain stem, other sensory nerves including those that control visual functions may also be affected, resulting in false sensory incoming signals causing visual field disturbances (Dodick, 2008 NINDS, 2008). During an attack of migraine several processes tend to occur.   Certain triggering factors mentioned may stimulate the release of peptides such as substance P, Calcitonin Gene-related peptide, etc.  Ã‚   They tend to dilate blood vessels and cause inflammation which results in over-excitation of the trigeminal nerve.   The brain would not be affected with the headache, but the blood vessels and the meninges would be involved.   Auras occur as a result of blood flow changes (Daniel Kantor, 2007). Certain migraine headaches occur due to abnormalities in the calcium channels and also the magnesium, potassium and sodium channels.   Calcium channels present control the release of the neurotransmitter serotonin.   This neurotransmitter can play an important role in the development of migraine.   Besides, abnormalities in the levels of other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and stress hormones can result in migraine.   Dopamine could act as a stimulant of migraine and in certain individuals with genetic characteristics, higher levels of dopamine can result in nerve cell excitation.   Several prodromal symptoms such as mood changes, drowsiness and yawning are closely associated with dopamine disturbances.   The calcium channels play a vital role in the development of the cortical spreading depression (which is the cause of the migraine symptoms).   In people who suffer from migraine, magnesium deficiencies have been found.   During a migraine attack, a drop in the magnesium levels has been observed.   Once the levels of magnesium levels are low, the nerve cells become highly unstable and tend to misfire.   This could be responsible for the aura that develops.   Magnesium has been strongly associated with the calcium channels in the body.   Certain inherent deficiencies in the calcium channel systems may be present in people who develop migraine. Individuals with familial hemiplegic migraine have mutation of the gene that expresses for calcium channel systems.   Nitric Oxide has also been associated with migraine and other headaches.   Over-excitation of the nerve cells can result in the production of nitric oxide.   A rise in the nitric oxide in the blood vessels may stimulate several nerves in the brain and cause the development of pain.   Hormone fluctuations can also play a role in the development of migraine.   The changes in several hormones especially estrogen can be responsible for migraine development.   If the hor mone levels are high, low or normal for long, the migraine process would not be activated.   Hormonal fluctuations are more likely to cause migraine.   This is because fluctuations impact the serotonin and other neurotransmitter levels (Daniel Kantor, 2007). Conclusion Today, a lot of research has been identified which potentially helps to better under the migraine process.   Migraine is more of a neuro-vascular condition rather than a vascular condition earlier thought.   Currently, there are no specific drugs to treat migraine, and most of them are other groups of drugs that are utilized to treat other conditions.   Usually, ergotamine preparations, painkillers, NSAIDS, etc are given which works partially.   Hence, it has been clearly observed that they can work only in half the number of migraine patients.   Several groups of antihypertensive drugs, anti-seizure drugs, calcium channel blockers and antidepressants may work by normalizing the membrane potential thus helping to curb the rapidly-spreading cortical nerve depression.   They would work in patients who develop migraine with or without aura.   These groups of drugs would work by prevent channels present on the nerve membrane from opening up, thus helping to control calcium movement.   In this way, the nerve membrane would be stabilized.   Individuals also need to adopt a diet that can effectively help avoiding headache provoking foods and substances such as cheese, tobacco, alcohol, etc.   Blood glucose and blood pressure should be monitored and kept under control.   Better sleep hygiene and exercising patterns need to be ensured.   Stress needs to be handled in more appropriate fashions (Curtis P. Schreiber, 2005, Dodick, 2008 Mayo, 2007). Works Cited Curtis P. Schreiber. â€Å"The Pathophysiology of Migraine.† Clinics in Family Practice 7.3 (2005). Daniel Kantoor. â€Å"Migraine headaches – Highlights, FDA Warning: Serotonin Syndrome.† 2007. ADAM. 29 Nov 2008. http://www.mdconsult.com/das/patient/body/111946799-8/777861931/10041/9399.html Daniel Kantor. â€Å"Migraine.† Medical Encyclopedia. 2006. Medline Plus. 16 Nov 2008. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000709.htm David W. Dodick and J. Jay Gargus . â€Å"Why Migraines Strike.† Scientific American. (July, 2008). http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=why-migraines-strike Mayo Clinic. â€Å"Migraine.† 2007. Mayo Clinic. 16 Nov 2008. http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/migraine-headache/DS00120/DSECTION=allMETHOD=print NINDS. â€Å"Headache: Hope through Research.† 2008. NINDS. 16 Nov 2008. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/headache/detail_headache.htm Why Migraines Occur Essay Example Why Migraines Occur Essay Migraine tends to affect more than 300 million people from across the world.   For many, the condition is more than a headache and is characterized by several distinctive symptom phases.   The condition is characterized by severe, debilitating and disabling headache that often needs no description.   The people suffering from migraine also had several other problems including photophobia, burning, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, altitude sickness, etc.   Migraine may have several other implications.   About 17 billion dollars a year is lost due to lost work, disabilities and healthcare expenditure owing due to headache.   Through historical records, it has been suggested that the disorder has affected man for more than 7000 years.   However, medicine still continues not to identify the cause and a treatment that could help cure the disorder.   Many people do not even approach the doctor to get the disorder treated as they feel that medical treatment can do litt le or no help.   Earlier, scientific research proved that the disorder was a vascular condition, but today scientists have identified that it is more of a neurological condition that develops primarily from pathology in the brain stem cells.   The nerve cell malfunction tends to sweep across other parts of the brain.   Today, the exact cause of migraine is still unknown, but scientists are developing several new forms of treatment for the condition including gene therapy (after considering the genetic basis of the disease), molecular biology and imaging of the brain.   This would enable to get back to normal activities faster (Dodick, 2008, Kantor, 2006). The neuro-vascular model which has been implicated for the cause of migraine includes vascular and neurological factors.   Another model frequently being considered is the Convergence Hypothesis that tries to associate the clinical symptoms with the pathophysiology of migraine.   According to this model, migraine is considered to be an event with a beginning, a mid and an end.   A symptom-based diagnostic approach would consider migraine during the peak stages.   With the convergence model, the entire process would be looked up on including the prodromal, the aura and the end phases.   Using the convergence model, the events can be drawn as a curve when charted against time (Curtis P. Schreiber, 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Why Migraines Occur specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Migraines Occur specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Migraines Occur specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Body Migraine is a chronic medical disorder characterized by disabling headache, nausea, vomiting and photophobia.   In many people, the throbbing headache may be experienced on one-side of the face. The condition usually occurs in 11 % of the people in the US.   Migraine is more common in people with a family risk of the condition. It occurs anywhere between the ages of 10 to 46 years, and is more common in women compared to men.   In women, the condition may even occur beyond till the age of 55 years.   During the period of pregnancy, the number of migranous attacks usually reduces.   During the 1980’s scientists found that migraine develop due to a disorder in the blood vessels that supply the brain.   However, today it is clear that the condition develops due changes in the brain, nerve pathways and the chemicals present in the brain (Dodick, 2008, Kantor, 2006). From one individual to another, the frequency, duration, severity and aggravating factors of migraine would differ significantly.   On an average, people suffer from migraine, one or two days every month.   About 10 % of the population gets the disorder every week and 20 % get the attacks every 2 to 3 days, and about 14 % develop a serious version of the disease, in which the symptoms are seen every alternate day (Dodick, 2008, Kantor, 2006). Several events may trigger or aggravate attacks of migraine including alcohol consumption, dehydration, physical stress, exertion, menstruation, emotional stress, anxiety, seasonal, climatic or weather changes, allergy, bright lights, loud noises, florescent lights, sleep alterations, missing meals, tension headache, use of birth control pills, lack of sleep, staying at higher altitudes, hunger, certain foods, smoking, tobacco consumption, etc.   Some of the foods that can trigger migraine attacks include foods containing tyramine, monosodium glutamate or nitrates. Some of the foods that contain tyramine include red wine, cheese, smoked fish, liver of chicken, bens, figs, etc, and foods that contain nitrate include hot dogs, salami and bacon.   Other foods that can also trigger migraine attacks include citrus fruits, bananas, avocados, onions, dairy products, chocolates, pickles, nuts, peanut butter, fermented products, etc.   The ancient Greeks were the ones to coin the word m igraine from ‘megrim’ meaning hemicrania or one-sided headache.   Galen considered migraine to be a painful disorder that affected one half of the head.   The Greeks considered to be caused due to descent of the vapors from the liver to the brain.   Later, in the 17th century, blood flow defects were considered to be the main cause for migraine rather than humors.   From the 17th century to the 1980’s, the vascular theory proved to be responsible cause for migraine.   Wolff from the Presbyterian hospital New York considered that migraine was caused due to dilatation and expansion of the blood vessels present in the brain.   Once the expansion of the blood vessels occurs, the pain-signaling neurons of the brain get activated, leading to a headache.   Before the headache actually occurs, there is a drop in the blood supply to the brain causing constriction of the blood vessels.   However, newer research work conducted in the field of migraine demons trates that the disorder is caused not due to vascular alterations but due to neurological changes.   Earlier it was thought that vascular flow of the blood in the brain had increased something like 3-fold times.   In fact, latest scientific evidence clearly suggests that just before the migraine attack, the cerebral blood flow is either normal or drops down a bit (Dodick, 2008, Kantor, 2006). The aura that occurs before the migraine attacks was a serious clue to the scientists that the disorder had a neurological basis.   The aura can be seen in two conditions, one in migraine as a preceding symptom and the other in epileptic seizures as a part of the sensory visual hallucinations.   The individual in migraine would be able to see stars, bright lights, sparks, lightning bolts, geometric designs, etc.   In some people weakness, speech impairments and tingling sensations develop.   In some people, the visual aura may not appear and all, but in other it may even occur during the entire headache phase.   Today, scientists have identified the exact mechanism of this aura.   A wave of intense nerve activity (cortical spreading depression) spreads throughout the cortex especially the areas of vision.   Following the hyperexcitability, there is a phase of neural inhibition.   During the phase of intense neuronal activity, there is active firing and a lot of energy is required.   Following the intense neuronal firing, the nerve cells require less quantity of blood.   The neuronal firing spreads at the rate of 2 to 3 millimeters every minute, and this is just the exact rate at which aura develops.   Besides affecting vision, the intense neuronal activity would also affect sensory and motor signals (Dodick, 2008 NINDS, 2008). Studies have clearly shown that genetic factors play a very important role in the development of migraine.   The genetic susceptibility of migraine is similar to other disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, etc.   In identical twins, the other twin is at a higher risk of developing the disorder, when one twin actually suffers from it.   However, non-genetic or environmental factors play an important role in the development of migraine.   Genetic factors may increase the excitability of the neurons, leading to a disturbance in the ion transportation system.   Several other disorders may also be as a cause of ion transportation defects including seizures and cardiac arrhythmias (Dodick, 2008 NINDS, 2008). The exact way in which the spreading cortical depression of neurons causes’ headache is not understood clearly, but scientists feel that the trigeminal nerve may be involved.   The manner in which the trigeminal nerve causes pain sensation is not understood clearly.   When the intense cortical depression spreads, it causes chemical changes in the neurotransmitters leading the trigeminal nerve to transmit pain sensations.   The spreading depression can also activate the trigeminal nerves in the subcortical regions leading to headache.   The mechanism of aura may operate in both, people suffering from migraine with or without aura.   However, in people who do not suffer from aura may develop other symptoms including tiredness, weakness or difficulty concentrating.   Besides, involvement of the cortical and the subcortical regions in migraine, the brain stem (an ancient part of the brain) may be responsible for migraine pain.   The brain stem contains three groups o f nuclei that can play an important role in migraine.   The nuclei would inhibit the firing of the trigeminal nerve, thus causing the trigeminal neuron to fire without any pain signal.   There would be an incoming pain signal although actually there are no stimuli.   Besides, involvement of the trigeminal nerve from the brain stem, other sensory nerves including those that control visual functions may also be affected, resulting in false sensory incoming signals causing visual field disturbances (Dodick, 2008 NINDS, 2008). During an attack of migraine several processes tend to occur.   Certain triggering factors mentioned may stimulate the release of peptides such as substance P, Calcitonin Gene-related peptide, etc.  Ã‚   They tend to dilate blood vessels and cause inflammation which results in over-excitation of the trigeminal nerve.   The brain would not be affected with the headache, but the blood vessels and the meninges would be involved.   Auras occur as a result of blood flow changes (Daniel Kantor, 2007). Certain migraine headaches occur due to abnormalities in the calcium channels and also the magnesium, potassium and sodium channels.   Calcium channels present control the release of the neurotransmitter serotonin.   This neurotransmitter can play an important role in the development of migraine.   Besides, abnormalities in the levels of other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and stress hormones can result in migraine.   Dopamine could act as a stimulant of migraine and in certain individuals with genetic characteristics, higher levels of dopamine can result in nerve cell excitation.   Several prodromal symptoms such as mood changes, drowsiness and yawning are closely associated with dopamine disturbances.   The calcium channels play a vital role in the development of the cortical spreading depression (which is the cause of the migraine symptoms).   In people who suffer from migraine, magnesium deficiencies have been found.   During a migraine attack, a drop in the magnesium levels has been observed.   Once the levels of magnesium levels are low, the nerve cells become highly unstable and tend to misfire.   This could be responsible for the aura that develops.   Magnesium has been strongly associated with the calcium channels in the body.   Certain inherent deficiencies in the calcium channel systems may be present in people who develop migraine. Individuals with familial hemiplegic migraine have mutation of the gene that expresses for calcium channel systems.   Nitric Oxide has also been associated with migraine and other headaches.   Over-excitation of the nerve cells can result in the production of nitric oxide.   A rise in the nitric oxide in the blood vessels may stimulate several nerves in the brain and cause the development of pain.   Hormone fluctuations can also play a role in the development of migraine.   The changes in several hormones especially estrogen can be responsible for migraine development.   If the hor mone levels are high, low or normal for long, the migraine process would not be activated.   Hormonal fluctuations are more likely to cause migraine.   This is because fluctuations impact the serotonin and other neurotransmitter levels (Daniel Kantor, 2007). Conclusion Today, a lot of research has been identified which potentially helps to better under the migraine process.   Migraine is more of a neuro-vascular condition rather than a vascular condition earlier thought.   Currently, there are no specific drugs to treat migraine, and most of them are other groups of drugs that are utilized to treat other conditions.   Usually, ergotamine preparations, painkillers, NSAIDS, etc are given which works partially.   Hence, it has been clearly observed that they can work only in half the number of migraine patients.   Several groups of antihypertensive drugs, anti-seizure drugs, calcium channel blockers and antidepressants may work by normalizing the membrane potential thus helping to curb the rapidly-spreading cortical nerve depression.   They would work in patients who develop migraine with or without aura.   These groups of drugs would work by prevent channels present on the nerve membrane from opening up, thus helping to control calcium movement.   In this way, the nerve membrane would be stabilized.   Individuals also need to adopt a diet that can effectively help avoiding headache provoking foods and substances such as cheese, tobacco, alcohol, etc.   Blood glucose and blood pressure should be monitored and kept under control.   Better sleep hygiene and exercising patterns need to be ensured.   Stress needs to be handled in more appropriate fashions (Curtis P. Schreiber, 2005, Dodick, 2008 Mayo, 2007). Works Cited Curtis P. Schreiber. â€Å"The Pathophysiology of Migraine.† Clinics in Family Practice 7.3 (2005). Daniel Kantoor. â€Å"Migraine headaches – Highlights, FDA Warning: Serotonin Syndrome.† 2007. ADAM. 29 Nov 2008. http://www.mdconsult.com/das/patient/body/111946799-8/777861931/10041/9399.html Daniel Kantor. â€Å"Migraine.† Medical Encyclopedia. 2006. Medline Plus. 16 Nov 2008. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000709.htm David W. Dodick and J. Jay Gargus . â€Å"Why Migraines Strike.† Scientific American. (July, 2008). http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=why-migraines-strike Mayo Clinic. â€Å"Migraine.† 2007. Mayo Clinic. 16 Nov 2008. http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/migraine-headache/DS00120/DSECTION=allMETHOD=print NINDS. â€Å"Headache: Hope through Research.† 2008. NINDS. 16 Nov 2008. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/headache/detail_headache.htm

Make His Fathers Day Special With These Quotes About Dads

Make His Fathers Day Special With These Quotes About Dads Remember the movie Junior, where Arnold Schwarzenegger plays the role of a pregnant man who goes through the rigor of labor and childbirth? While it was comical to watch Schwarzenegger carry a baby bump, the movie makes us think about fathers and their relationship with their offspring.Many patriarchal societies create predefined roles for men and women. While the woman plays the role of principal caregiver, the fathers role is relegated to outdoor accomplishments. As the provider for the family, the father has little or no role in raising children. Often he becomes a role model for sons and a disciplinarian for daughters. Modern Day Dads As societies modernized, they underwent a metamorphosis and social roles became fluid. Today, it is quite common for women to go out to work, and for men to be stay-at-home dads. Regardless of who the caregiver is, parenting is no childs play. Parents share equal responsibilities and duties while raising children.Yet, somehow in the celebration of the mother, the good ol dad is sidelined. Mothers Day has acquired the stature of a festival; Fathers Day comes and goes without as much fanfare. New age dads do more than just go to the office. The dirty diapers, night feeding bottles, and the baby strollers are no longer a mothers domain alone. Many hands-on fathers have found a love for baby chores.More than anything else, daddy is also Mr. Fix-It.  From a dripping tap to a broken heart, he can mend anything. A popular quote by Erika Cosby goes, You know, fathers just have a way of putting everything together. This Fathers Day, tell your dad that you appreciate him.   Fathers Are a Pillar of Strength A quotation attributed to the Knights of Pythagoras goes, A man never stands as tall as when he kneels to help a child. Think back. Remember how  strong your father was in times of difficulty. While everyone else was losing heart, he restored sanity and order. He must have felt the stress just as much as anyone else did, but he never let go. Everyone looked to him for support. He simply waited for the storm to pass. Disciplinarian Dad He is no pushover either. Most parents have their strict streak; something that King George V highlighted in this tongue-in-cheek quote, My father was frightened of his mother. I was frightened of my father and I am damned well going to see to it that my children are frightened of me. Have you ever wondered about the motivations behind your fathers strict disciplinarian side? You may find some insight in this collection of  quotes for Fathers Day. Fatherhood Is Not an Easy Job Before you start grumbling about your fathers idiosyncrasies, understand the challenges of his office. He cannot quit fatherhood. Put yourself in his place. How would you deal with a bunch of mischievous kids that are always up to trouble? The mewling baby becomes a wicked brat. In a few years, the brat grows into a rebellious teen. Nothing is easy about raising a child. Fathers constantly hope that their naughty little kid will eventually metamorphose into a responsible adult. Why Fathers Act Tough All through your childhood, when you resented your dads iron rule, youd think, I will be a better dad and not be so rigid with my kids. Fast-forward to twenty years, when you have your own little ones. You realize that parenting is no mean task. Youd probably go back to picking parenting lessons from your parents, as you know these lessons turned you into a reasonably good human being.20th-century pianist Charles Wadsworth must have experienced this first-hand. He said, By the time a man realizes that maybe his father was right, he usually has a son who thinks hes wrong. If you are planning to expand your family, these Fathers Day quotes will prepare you for the journey into parenthood. When the challenges of raising children get to you, turn to your parents for advice. Daddys Diligence Makes You a Winner Usually, fathers have been typecast as the hard-to-please taskmaster, who is always pushing his children towards self-reliance. We forget one of the best qualities of fathers- they are unfailingly encouraging.Despite his tough work schedule, father always finds time to teach and guide his children. Jan Hutchins said, When I was a kid, my father told me every day, Youre the most wonderful boy in the world, and you can do anything you want to. Such inspiring quotations made by dad serve like a beacon of light on a dark day. American comedian Bill Cosby put it perfectly: Fatherhood is pretending the present you love most is soap-on-a-rope.   Fathers Set the Right Example Some dads practice what they preach. They take on the role of fatherhood so seriously that they lead an exemplary life ​so that their children follow suit. It is not easy to follow every rule in letter and spirit. American author Clarence Budington Kelland wrote, He didnt tell me how to live; he lived, and let me watch him do it. Can you do the same for your children? Would you kick your bad habits so that your children pick up only the good traits? Tickle Your Fathers Funny Bone Your old man also has a funny side. Share a few jokes and see how his eyes twinkle and his loud guffaws startle you. If your dad enjoys drinks, share some funny drinking quotes with him to add to the merriment. If you and your dad enjoy funny political quotes, you will like this one by Jay Leno: A lot of controversy over this possible invasion of Iraq. In fact, Nelson Mandela was so upset, he called Bushs dad. How embarrassing, when world leaders start calling your father. How Dads Cope With Grown-Up Kids The most difficult experience for any parent is watching their kiddies grow up and fly the coop. In the TV show M*A*S*H, Colonel Potter said, Having babies is fun, but babies grow up into people. As kids grow old, they expect to be given more freedom. Having always been around to protect his child from danger, dad finds it difficult to withdraw his protective shield. He cannot help but worry about the safety of his children. After all, in his heart, his child will always remain a child.Fathers put up a brave front when their children marry or move out. They never let it slip that the change is devastating for them. If you are moving into a place of your own, make sure to let your old man know how much you adore him. Turn to Fathers Day sayings and quotes about dads to express your innermost feelings.It is not easy being a father. If you appreciate the feelings of a father, make your dad proud of you. It is the best gift a child can give his father.

Customer Relation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Customer Relation Management - Essay Example The incident reported by Christina Pazzanese of Boston Globe, recounts a dissatisfying service in getting a train-delay refund attributed to slow and inefficient customer service. Considering the amount involved in a train refund, it is relevantly cheap; however, such dissatisfaction breeds anger and frustration on the part of the client. The problem is service related. According to Bowen et. al., â€Å"customers also care about fair treatment in connection with two service experiences they might have – the service delivery itself [†¦] and what the business does to recover when customers are disappointed by the service delivery.† (1999). It is thereby essential that when first service encounter with the customer fails, a recovery step should be carried out to ensure that the expected obligation by the client is fulfilled. In the case of Pazzanese’s report, the first service encounter has already failed whereby the train is behind schedule. From such a dissat isfying service, the company attempts to compensate by providing a refund. The refund procedure is another failure because of the long delay that client had to wait therefore defeating the purpose of service recovery. Adding to such discomfort is a series of complaints relayed by the client such as the missing indication of date and time of the refund in the notification slip to identify the specific period and separate one delay refund from another and the lack of rejection notice sent to the client to notify client of the reason for the rejection.

Total Rewards Program Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Total Rewards Program - Case Study Example g back to several millennia in ancient China and the fabled old city of Babylon under Hammurabi (1750 B.C.E.); a key concept of insurance as a form of protection against any financial losses has stayed the same all throughout from ancient times to modern times. Another vital concept in modern insurance is the use of statistical data and probabilities to determine insurance rates, using actuarial science. In this regard, it has become almost an entirely mechanical process, using powerful computers to determine the risk premiums suitable for an insurable risk, to be able to produce a profit. The original use of insurance was to protect traders who transport their goods using the sometimes treacherous or dangerous river rapids in ancient China from a possible sinking of the boat carrying the goods. In the probability a boat had capsized, the indemnification a trader gets from the insurance will ensure he can rise again financially. In Babylon, the concept of insurance had a much different application. A sea merchant whose ship sinks in the Mediterranean Sea can expect to recoup his losses, because he had paid a premium on the loan to finance his expedition. That extra premium will enable the lender to cancel the loan in case of a ship sinking. In todays capitalist, free-market environment, insurance coverage extends to many situations, such as life, car, boat, condominium unit, motorcycle, or anything of value, even the health of a person. Insurance is a financial product that needs to be sold aggressively, as opposed to other consumer products which people simply buy on their own initiative. Unless it is mandated, as in the case of the new health insurance coverage as required by law under the health reform act, it is a product that most people would rather do without, as premium payment is an added expense. It is therefore important for an insurance firm to have a wide network of sales agents who will push its insurance policies, preferably exclusively with

Antidepressant Case Study Essay Example for Free

Antidepressant Case Study Essay The debate over antidepressants has waged on for over more than half a century. Two heads of the Department of Psychiatry in Washington University discovered that depression was just as much biological as it was physiological meaning that people with depression had an abnormal chemical make-up in the brain. This discovery increased the demand for research on methods to alter this abnormality effectively and efficiently. Thus antidepressants were created, sparking a psychiatric revolution. Antidepressants work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is responsible for controlling human emotions. Our bodies make serotonin naturally but some particles are lost on the neuron, which is called reuptake. Antidepressants block the reuptake by placing a protein wall on the neuron, enabling a greater consumption of serotonin in the brain (Greenburg Manufacturing). From their creation, antidepressants have given people a chance to recapture the enjoyment they once, or never, had. They help people find their goals, rediscover their futures, and enjoy special moments in life that should be cherished. Antidepressants should be prescribed to individuals suffering from depression because they are simple, safe, and effective. In years prior to the development of antidepressants, depression was treated through drastic hospitalization. Hospitalization involved patients enduring painful treatments such as electrotherapy and/or a lobotomy (Richard 54). In electrotherapy, an individual is pinned down to a bed and shocked whenever a negative or suicidal thought comes to mind. A lobotomy is an unpleasant form of brain surgery that involves a surgeon using a long rod to rewire brain functions. While these forms of treatment are grueling and pose a great risk to the health of the patient, they are successful in reconstructing the chemical make-up in oneâ€⠄¢s brain, which is a necessary component in curing most forms of depression. These forms of treatment are expensive, complicated, and time consuming. Medications, on the other hand, do not demand a lot of time and are easily swallowed. Taking these medications is simple, easy and only requires a doctor’s prescription, which can be easily received upon an appointment. This form of treatment is quite simple, and is much less burdensome than treatment solely based on therapy. Therapy can be quite costly and, without the addition of antidepressants, ineffective. In order for it to be effective the child must meet with a professional twice a week (Martin 574). According to the American Academy of Psychology an average therapy session costs $150. In order to properly treat depression effectively via therapy and non-drug related means the patient requires up to one to three years of treatment. At $300 a week the individual will be spending $15,600 a year and $46,800 over three years. With medication, comes a cheaper and less complicated means of treatment. Under medications, the average patient requires meeting one to two times per every two weeks at the same average cost of $150. This comes out to $3900 per year versus the $15,600 through just treatment. Although there is the cost of medications, the total cost for using medication and therapy is significantly cheaper than using just therapy. With antidepressants, treatment for depression becomes simply and easy to accomplish, making the road to recovery that much more achievable. Many individuals feel skeptical about taking antidepressants because they are a human-made substance, and they are full of chemicals. While this is true, the effects medications have on the body is different from person to person. From its creation antidepressants have had some serious side affects, scaring people away. Today, 118 million people use antidepressants and between 1995 and 2002, the use of these drugs rose 48 percent (Cohen Antidepressants). Also this shows that people have been adjusting to these drugs, and that people see less risk in taking them. Many of the 118 million people on antidepressants have depression, but there are also many people take them for the other reasons. Antidepressants have known to help people quit smoking. (New York Psychiatric) writes, â€Å"Nicotine may have antidepressant effects that maintain smoking for some smokers. Antidepressants may substitute for this effect† (New York Psychiatric). These individuals take the drug as a safe means to quit smoking. Scientifically antidepressants contain bupropion hydrochloride, a chemical known for dissolving the nicotine addiction (New York Psychiatric). A smoker develops an addiction because nicotine is a powerful drug that speeds up the brain and central nervous system. It triggers the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in your brain, boosting one’s mood. Over time the brain adjusts to the increase of dopamine and the smoker becomes addicted. Antidepressants help by stabilizing the elevated levels of dopamine in the brain by having increased levels of the opposite neurotransmitter, serotonin absorbed. Also these drugs are safe to take because the FDA continuously runs tests to validate the drug’s safety. The FDA’s article on improving pediatric and child health states, â€Å"FDA has been committed to addressing the special considerations needed for assessing medical products for children and young adults. These include science to address how development, age and growth may affect how treatments work and effect health outcomes in children† (FDA Improving). Individuals everywhere take these drugs for a variety of reasons, and rarely do they harm an individual. There are many unexplained reasons an individual suffers from depression, but two theories the Monoamine Hypothesis and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Cortisol Theory, are prevalent in most cases of depression, and they explain the biological problems that cause depression (Koplewicz More). The first theory, the Monoamine Hypothesis, was formulated in the 1960’s as a way to show how other chemicals in the brain inhibit serotonin. (Koplewicz More) explains, â€Å" The monoamine (MAO) metabolites act as inhibitors, preventing serotonin and norepinephrin from crossing the synapse. In succession to this theory these MAO metabolites appear to be more prevalent in depressed patients† (Belmaker Future). The second theory, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Cortisol Theory, was developed shortly after the Monoamine Hypothesis. This theory explains that the amount of cortisol produced is reduced in individuals suffering from depression. These two theories are seen in over 66% of cases of depression (Belmaker Future). This number encompasses the largest population of individuals suffering from depression, thus proving depression is largely a chemical imbalance ailment in the brain. Because depression is a chemical imbalance, it can only be cured through certain means of treatment specializing in chemical reconstruction. Such treatments require the proper equipment and chemicals that therapy or other forms of treatment cannot supply. The combination of both antidepressants and therapy is proven to be the most effective means of curing depression. Author George Burns, in his book, Happiness, Healing, Enhancement: Your Casebook Collection for Applying Positive Psychology in Therapy writes, â€Å"43% more patients suffering from depression were cured with the combination of therapy and medication than patients only undergoing only one form of treatment† (Burns 47). The individuals undergoing both verbal therapy and drug therapy recover more often and faster than patients only undergoing one form of treatment. Antidepressants are an effective means of curing depression because they are easy to use, safe, and effective. Antidepressants come mainly in a pill form and work most effectively alongside therapy or other forms of treatment. For an individual with depression who does not consume antidepressant medication, treatment can be difficult, time consuming, and expensive. These pills are easy to ingest and require the patient to do less work by the patient. On top of that, they have been frequently tested by professionals, and are safe in most individuals. Symptoms vary from user to user, however, they typically they do not cause bodily harm. Depression comes in many forms, but in most cases depression is a chemical imbalance in the brain. With this information and are known effects antidepressants have on the brain, it is evident that these drugs are extremely effective and much more effective than solely therapeutic treatment.

Bridge To Terabithia :: essays research papers

There are many main themes in Bridge to Terabithia. One of the most important is Jesse and Leslie's magical kingdom in the woods called Terabithia. Terabithia is a small castle they built in the woods where they go to escape and have magical adventures. The "bridge" is a rope they use to swing over the dry creek. Another main theme is Jesse running every morning during the summer so he can be the fastest runner in fifth grade, only to be beat by Leslie, the new girl in town. One more theme is Jesse being the only boy in his house. He has two evil older sisters, who always get their way by whining. He has a younger sister who looks up to him and a baby sister, who of course, gets all the attention. Every time the baby cries his mother assumes it's because Jesse had something to do with it. A few main ideas are the differences between Jesse's family and Leslie's family. Jesse's family is quite poor and high strung. Jesse's mother is a housewife. She cooks; she cleans and raises the children. Jesse's father is usually angry. He works and tries to bring home some money. Until he gets laid off but even then he doesn't give up. He wakes up at the same time ever morning to go to the unemployment office. Jesse's two older sisters are Brenda and Ellie. All they do is whine to get off of doing their chores and criticize Jesse for anything. His younger sister May Belle, looks up to him but he tries to act like an older, tougher brother and doesn't give her much thought, even though he loves her. The youngest sister, Joyce Ann isn't really mentioned except when Jesse tries to push May Belle to her so she'll leave him alone and when Jesse's mother yells at him because of her. Jesse's hobbies are his art and running. Before Leslie moved in, his best friend seemed to be Miss Bessie, the cow. She would watch him run every morning. Leslie's family on the other hand is actually rich. Both her parents are writers and they decided to move because they felt they were getting too absorbed in their money and lifestyle. Leslie is an only child but even though she is it seems as if she doesn't spend much time with her father. When her father was fixing up the house and asked her to help she felt so needed and happy.

Poverty no longer exists in Britain today

There is an argument that poverty no longer exists in Britain today. Many people would say that the days when people died from lack of food, shelter or clean water ended, in this country, with the introduction of the welfare state (Chinn, 1995). Poverty, however, can be defined in two ways and depending on which definition one chooses to employ, it can be contested whether the balance of evidence shows that poverty actually does exist or not. In this piece of work it will be argued that poverty does affect many people in our society and the lack of resources of poorer people in society is at the root of inequalities in health. Furthermore it will be shown that the discrepancy between the standards of living that better off people in society enjoy and the standards of living that poorer people endure can be something that is very difficult to alter. In conclusion there will be a discussion on the role that social care professionals may play in trying to reduce the negative effects suffered by some people as a result of poverty. The first of the two identified forms of poverty is absolute or â€Å"subsistence level poverty† (Thompson and Priestly, 1996: 207). Income falls below a set level so that a person does not have the means to be able to secure the basic necessities for living, in terms of food, drink, shelter and clothing. Stephens et al (1998) argue that for some people in society, like rough sleepers, poverty in absolute terms is very real and that when older people die from hypothermia because they can't afford to heat their homes adequately it is as a result of absolute poverty. Poverty in this sense however has certainly diminished since the advent of the Welfare State. The second definition of poverty, relative poverty, is defined in terms of a ‘reasonable' standard of living generally expected by the society in which a person lives. It identifies ‘needs' as more than basic biological requirements, taking into account social and emotional needs. It is also about being excluded from taking part in activities which are widely undertaken by the rest of society. In terms of resources, relative poverty is a higher standard of living than absolute poverty but it could be argued that many things that are not strictly essential for life nevertheless could be deemed as necessities by society in general. Thus whether you adhere to an absolutist or relativist definition of it, it is clear that there are certain people in society who suffer from poverty. Modern research into poverty combines both classifications. Stevens et al (1988: 266) maintain: â€Å"it's important to capitalise on the advantages of both definitions†. There have been several pieces of well-documented research into health inequalities, both by successive governments and independent bodies, for example, The Black Report in 1980; Margaret Whitehead's ‘The health divide' in 1987 (Stephens et al, 1998) and most recently the Acheson Report in 1998. This research underlines the correlation between poverty and ill health and the disparity that exists, depending on social class. Measurements and comparisons are made in terms of morbidity and in terms of mortality. Research shows that if a person is born into poverty his/her chances of suffering ill health and a shortened life span are greater than if he/she was born into prosperity. Some of the most recent research has shown, for example that children in social class five (where five represents the least well off and one represents the most well off) are five times as likely to suffer accidental death than their peers from social class one (Roberts I. Power C, 1996). Further studies show that a baby boy from social class one can be expected to live for more than nine years longer than a baby boy from social class five (Office for National Statistics, 1998). The British Medical Journal (1999) states â€Å"Social class differences in health are seen at all ages, with lower socio-economic groups having the greater incidence of heart disease, stroke and some cancers†. The rate of pre-natal mortality is hi gher for women from lower socio-economic groups. A poorer person is more likely to die in infancy, more likely to suffer ill health, as a child and as an adult, and more likely to die prematurely than someone who has greater access to resources. It has been stated that â€Å"the most significant factor [affecting health] in poverty is†¦ the fact that poor people are denied access to possessions and services that are available to their better-off peers† (Moore, 1997). This could include: preventative medicine, early treatment when sick, a healthy diet, access to ‘keep fit' leisure activities. Other factors which could have a detrimental effect on poorer people could include things like poorly maintained housing, stress related illness and smoking, which is more prevalent among lower income groups (Office for National Statistics, 1998). Explanations for poverty tend to fall into two categories. There are individualistic explanations for poverty. That people who are in relative poverty are so because they are in some way lazy, irresponsible or ‘feckless' and they could help themselves to escape poverty if they really wanted to. Some people vocalise this way of thinking by, for example, telling the unemployed to ‘get on their bikes' and find work. This type of argument can, and often is, applied to any ‘inappropriate' or ‘wasteful' use of resources for example, by criticising people for wanting to dress their children in more expensive clothes, or by condemning women for the number of children they choose to have. Another common reaction when confronted with arguments about poverty is to be reproachful when someone chooses to smoke instead of ‘spending their money wisely'. These arguments however fail to take into account the way that society is structured and the effects that this has on people's life chances. There is an element of victim blaming and consideration is not given to the fact that some people have far more power than others to alter aspects of their lives. Structural, as opposed to individualistic, explanations focus on â€Å"the political, economic and material environment in which people find themselves† (Howe, 1997: 173). A person who is born into poverty is more likely to stay poor and their children are likely to be poor. In this way a life or poverty can be a self-perpetuating cycle of deprivation which people have very little power to change. This deprivation is exacerbated by the fact that it can be combined with other inequalities, such as those based on gender, ethnicity, and age. The fact that some people suffer from multiple disadvantages is attributable to structural inequality, which is inherent in our society. Anatole France wrote: â€Å"The law, in its majestic equality, forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges, to beg in the streets, and to steal bread. France (1894). Clearly there is no need for wealthier people ‘to sleep under bridges' whereas there may be a justification or even a necessity for a homeless person to do it. The concept of a society where everyone has the same opportunities and all are equal is a fallacy when viewed from a structural perspective. This does not however mean that people are absolutely powerless to help themselves and assumptions sho uld not be made that because someone is in poverty they will necessarily need the help of social care professionals. People can often make changes to make their lives better, to suggest otherwise would be to disempower people. Social care professionals should be aware of the effects of poverty and the relative powerlessness of some people but not to such an extent that the power imbalance is made greater by the workers inability to treat the client as an individual. Anti-oppressive practice is â€Å"a form of social work that addresses social divisions and structural inequalities †¦ by responding to people's needs regardless of their social states† Dominelli (1993). This argument is further developed by Dalrymple and Burke (1995) when they talk about giving the client access to records so that any information is shared. Ensuring inclusion and consultation can lessen the power imbalance between social care worker and client. Government policy is geared to combating inequalities, in light of the findings of the Acheson Report. In particular it recognises the needs of those who may have multiple disadvantages, for example women, children, people with disabilities, older people and people from ethnic minority groups. Social care workers should have an awareness of combined inequalities and should have a commitment to reduce them. â€Å"Many social workers invest considerable efforts to maximise the welfare benefits of their clients and search through charitable resources to alleviate some of their acute hardships† (Jones, 1997: 121). Social care workers can work in partnership with other agencies to ensure that they refer people to organisations who are able to help, when it is not within the social carer's remit. For example, referrals could be made to: agencies who advise on health matters, or work to increase benefits, or help people back into work, or give advice on housing matters. â€Å"The best way to get rid of poverty – absolute or relative – is to forge a more genuinely equal society† Stephens et al (1998: 258). This is something that is beyond the capabilities of any one profession. In conclusion, social care workers can help to reduce the negative effects of poverty to a certain extent but, for any major improvements to be made, there needs to be a radical change (through governmental policy) in the distribution of both power and wealth.