Overview of the Sepoy

A sepoy was the name given to an Indian infantryman employed by the armies of the British East India Company  from 1700 to 1857 and later by the British Indian Army from 1858 to 1947. That change of control in colonial India, from the BEIC to the British government, actually came about as a result of the sepoys — or more specifically, because of the Indian Uprising of 1857, which is also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. Originally, the word sepoy  was used somewhat derogatorily by the British because it denoted a relatively untrained local militiaman. Later in the British East India Companys tenure, it was extended to mean even the ablest of native foot-soldiers. Origins and Perpetuations of the Word The term sepoy comes from the Urdu word sipahi, which is itself derived from the Persian word sipah, meaning army or horseman. For much of Persian history — from at least the Parthian era on, — there was not much distinction between a soldier and a horseman. Ironically, despite the words meaning, Indian cavalrymen in British India were not called sepoys, but sowars. In the Ottoman Empire in what is now Turkey, the word sipahi  was still used for cavalry troopers. However, the British took their usage from the Mughal Empire, which used sepahi to  designate Indian infantry soldiers. Perhaps as the Mughals were descended from some of the greatest cavalry fighters of Central Asia, they did not feel that Indian soldiers qualified as real cavalrymen. In any case, the Mughals armed their sepoys with all the latest weapons technology of the day. They carried rockets, grenades, and matchlock rifles by the time of Aurangzeb  who reigned from 1658 to 1707.   British and Modern Usage When the British began to use sepoys, they recruited them from Bombay and Madras, but only men from the higher castes were considered eligible to serve as soldiers. Sepoys in British units were supplied with weapons, unlike some of those who served local rulers. The pay was approximately the same, regardless of the employer, but the British were much more punctual about paying their soldiers regularly. They also provided rations rather than expecting the men to steal food from local villagers as they passed through a region. After the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, the British were hesitant to trust either Hindu or Muslim sepoys again. The soldiers from both major religions had joined the uprising, fueled by rumors (perhaps accurate) that the new rifle cartridges supplied by the British were greased with pork and beef tallow. Sepoys had to tear the cartridges open with their teeth, which meant that Hindus were ingesting sacred cattle, while Muslims were accidentally eating unclean pork. After this, the British for decades recruited most of their sepoys from among the Sikh religion instead. The sepoys fought for the BEIC and the  British Raj  not only within greater India ​but also in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, East Africa, and even Europe during World War I and World War II. In fact, more than 1 million Indian troops served in the name of the U.K. during the First World War. Today, the armies of India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh all still use the word sepoy to designate soldiers at the rank of private.

The First Time Africans Stepped Foot On America s Soil

Journey to Freedom The first time Africans stepped foot on America’s soil was in 1619, when they were brought to Jamestown, Virginia to help with the growth and development of tobacco. For the next 245 years, America admitted more than 10 million slaves through the Transatlantic Slave Trade and slavery was born. The Transatlantic Slave Trade, or the Triangular Trade, connected trade between North America, Africa, and Europe. From America, plantation crops such as tobacco and cotton was sent to Europe. From Europe, manufactured goods like cloth and guns were shipped to Africa. From Africa, African slaves—men, women and children-- were transported to America. The journey to America was inhuman and dreadful. There were about 600 slaves in the hull of a ship per trip, which traveled over 3,000 miles to America. Slaves were packed on top of each other sardine-style, with no bathroom breaks, and very small proportion of meals. Usually, one bucket of food was shared by about 10 people twice a day. Slaves were chained together, deeming them immobile, so they had no choice but to relieve themselves right where they sat. With different odors and feces, disease and sickness spread rapidly killing most of the slaves. If a slave die, money is lost, so if the weather permitted slaves were allowed on deck for fresh air. Once the ship arrived to America, crew ship members prepared the slaves to be sold to plantation owners. The slaves were bathed, shaved, and rubbed with oil so woundsShow MoreRelatedEssay On The American Dream1004 Words   |  5 Pagesit Only a Dream? From the moment colonists stepped foot on American soil, freedom flowed through their skin. The new country would bring endless opprotunities to anyone who wished to pursue their dreams. Through years of effort, the United States was born and along with it a sense of equality and meaning. Today, America has much to stand for. 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Stem Cell Research in Ethics - 999 Words

Stem Cell Research in Ethics We are entering a brave new world where one can grow a heart in a petri plate then go on to surgically putting it into a real living boy who desperately needs it. This sounds like a tale of fiction. However now, scientists are currently working to produce such organs that save lives and obviate the usual failure and feared rejection by the recipient’s body. Stem cell research has traditionally been perceived to be horrific when it destroys a living embryo itself in the process. However new sources and methods are thought to be the solution to stem cell and organ formation, especially since scientists use different way to go about the production of the stem cells. Various methods are now nearly usable and even in place in the last several years alone. Stem cell research is a viable growing field of interest. Ever since Nobel Prize winner Shinya Yamanaka’s induced pluripotent stem cells, (or iPSC’s) were announced, the science culture from Harvard to Tokyo has been in a race to see what new discoveries this could bring to the involvement of stem cells in research. Ever since Yamanaka their value is apparent. Cooperation in research by scientists from around the world helps explain the differences among stem cells, their purpose, and how they are made. This will help demonstrate the benefits we can receive from doing stem cell research. In the spectrum that we can foresee we are at the beginning of what stem cell research can do forShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research1557 Words   |  7 Pagesthese outstanding medical advances a self-renewing stem cell that regenerates and gives rise to all cells and tissues of the body was discovered. The controversy of such finding of abilities of stem cell is that they can only be extracted from the human embryo. 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Challenges and Barriers of Accounting-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Challenges of Accounting in Global Organizations. Answer: Introduction Accounting is one of the most integral parts of finance with the help of which an individual intends to identify record, measure and classify the financial information in order to maintain proper database in business profitability. Providing a good quality of services as well as products to the customers is not the only responsibility for a business organization for gaining international image and reputation. The business experts in order to maintain a global business in different geographical locations should focus on business profitability as well as employees performance. Accounting is the systematic way of maintaining both internal as well as external data record with the help of which the entire performance level of the organization can be evaluated. In this specific study the primary concern is to evaluate some of the major challenges that business experts are facing at the workplace while implementing accounting within their business process. Project Objective This specific study aims to evaluate the challenges of Accounting in Global Organizations. The primary objectives of this particular study are as follow: To critically evaluate the challenges and barriers that business experts have to face while implementing accounting within global organization To critically understand the overall impact of accounting in enhancing the overall performance level of the global organization To provide some of the major recommendations on how those identified challenges can be overcome by implementing necessary business strategies as well as policies Project Scope It has been observed that in last five years global business organizations intend to maintain entire process of database by using accounting software for maintaining a proper accuracy within data and information. After the implementation of accounting within the organization global business organizations are facing several challenges in maintaining a proper data record due to some important reasons (Hodges 2012). One of the most raising issues that global organizations are facing currently ensures the lack of technological skills. Large number of senior employees is associated within the global business organizations that are not compatible enough in maintaining financial data record with the help of software. As a result, those kinds of employees are facing innumerable difficulties in providing services within proper time. As a result, the entire flow of business is getting slow day by day. In order to run an international business the entire structure of tax compliance system is very much crucial. The finance executives have to follow different tax systems, tax rate and compliance requirements (Guthrie, Burritt and Evans 2012). In this kind of situation the finance executives have to face innumerable challenges while following the tax regulations of different geographical countries. Accounting is the key to maximize revenue. The entire data storage procedure is maintained systematically and chronologically only when people are flexible enough in operating data. An effective issue has been identified on behalf of the practitioners that employees are not very much flexible in handling overall database due to the lack of technological efficiency (He, Wong and Young 2012). In this kind of situation, the global business organizations are facing innumerable challenges in maintaining their entire process of business in the global market. Literature Review Previous literature review Balakrishnan, K., Watts, R. and Zuo, L., 2016. The effect of accounting conservatism on corporate investment during the global financial crisis.Journal of Business Finance Accounting,43(5-6), pp.513-542. The article highlights the importance of accounting on a global basis. The purpose of this article was to examine the relationship between accounting and the crisis. This paper critically analysis that may be the implications of accounting must not be properly done on a global basis but accounting plays a very influential role in every organization on a global basis. The accounting development is mostly done in response to the economic pressure within any organization but after enabling accounting system in the organization, it emancipates the further development of the organization. This article reviews the importance of accounting on a global basis until the year of 2012 and states that on global context the transformation of accounting system is based on many factors, which are the social and political pressures. Through this article, we get to know the necessity of accounting in global organization, which is that Accounting helps every organization on a global basis to keep recor ds of all the monetary transactions. The international accounting regulation is the sole regulation that helps in the incorporation of the accounting database in every organization. This article also discusses that the accounting system of every organization is the set of records that helps the organization in crisis management and experience a better financial environment within the organization. In this article, it is found that accounting rules seems to be very critical at the time of credit crisis and this is marked as a very reinforcing factor in the crisis period. From this article, this can be known that there is a vast importance of accounting in global organization and for the chosen topic; this article will help in determining the importance. This article does not clearly identify the reason behind the importance of accounting in the global context, which is necessary as having the reason will help the system to be updated with the changing demographics of the world. Importance of accounting on global organization Accounting on a global basis facilitates the international financial regulatory framework and globalization on the other hand is very important issue that has grabbed the hold of the economic state of the world (Beatty and Liao 2014). Implementing of accounting system in the organizations has rendered a profit for the business experts and that is the maintenance of a proper data and information with the help of accounting software. The emerging global system would have failed if accounting was not a part of the organization and that is why the board of the international accounting standard has initiated the development of the accounting system on a global basis (Hall and Lawson 2014). This is to incorporate the set of rules, which are understandable and transparent and have no problem in incorporating the system in organization to have the records of the financial statements. Accounting is an effective key, which helps in maximizing revenue. The data storage procedure of accounting i s maintained systematically and chronologically only when people are flexible enough in operating data. However, the employees face an effective issue has been identified on behalf of the practitioners that employees are not very much flexible in handling overall database due to the lack of technological efficiency (Apostolou et al. 2015). In this kind of situation, the global business organizations are facing innumerable challenges in maintaining their entire process of business in the global market. After the implementation of accounting system within the organization global organizations, it is seen that they are facing several challenges in maintaining a proper data record due to some important reasons. One of the most disturbing issues that global organizations are facing currently ensures the lack of technological skills. There are large number of senior employees who are associated within the global business organizations but they are not still comfortable enough to maintain the record of the financial data with the help of accounting software (Baker, Bloom and Davis 2016). The reason behind why the global organization needs incorporation of accounting system is to note the movement of the funds of the organization in the capital market. This is because in order to maintain the organizations capital recorded pro perly, every organization needs to have a record of their economic performance. This will keep the account of the economic transaction of the organization for the crisis period (Cingano 2014). The accounting system is a costly process. Many countries are seen to upgrade their national accounting standards to the international accounting standards to avoid any future crisis while being a part of the global market. There are still many organizations that fail to keep the actual records of the companys transaction and faces many problems (Claessens 2015). Hence, it is recommended that all the company should have the record of their transaction so that they can be efficient enough to dwell in the global market. The accounting system will help them to have their own records which will lead to increase in profit and for the employees who are not efficient enough to keep the records, training must be conducted so that they can be aware of the fact about how to keep the records of the trans actions (Lusardi and Mitchell 2014). Challenges of accounting on global organization As emphasized by Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer (2014), numerous business experts have faced innumerable challenges in using accounting within the global business organization. This particular scholar believes that a financial reporting system with the support of proper governance, sound regulatory system and systematic auditing system is the key way for economic development. Business executives who are associated with the finance department should know how to operate accounting for maintaining a systematic financial transaction. However, in order to run the entire process of business global organizations have faced innumerable challenges in maintaining a proper financial record properly. The challenges are as follows: Different regulations and legislations: Papaspyropoulos et al. (2012) Tax regulation varies from one country to another. Business experts have to follow different forms of tax legislation belonging to different geographical countries. While maintaining the financial record the finance executives should have an in-depth overview about the taxation policies. Based on the regulation the fianc executives have to maintain database. Therefore, the business executives have to get an in-depth overview about the tax rate policies of different countries for maintaining the data record. In most of the cases business executives do not have detailed knowledge about the taxation policies. Automatically, maintaining a systematic data record on the overall business process has become a major issue for the finance executives. Finding efficient people In order to become an eminent part of the finance department an individual should have finance background with efficiency in technology. It has been observed that organizations have to face challenges in hiring efficient employees for maintaining the entire financial data record. Roman, Roman and Meier (2014) opined that senior employees who are already associated with the business process are not efficient enough in operating accounting with the help of advanced technology. In this kind of situation, the business experts are facing innumerable challenges maintaining a global business. This particular study has focused to evaluate some of the major challenges of accounting on global organization. As per the opinion of Guthrie and Parker (2014), organizations can implement a training and development session for employees in order to enhance their technological skill. Otherwise, the entire business process can face a massive consequence in handling the entire situation. Internal change issues: Zeff (2012) stated that organizations are facing innumerable challenges in managing internal data properly. Business executives associated with the finance department are not efficient enough in maintaining data record by using accounting software. As a result, the employee performance as well as remuneration record is not marinated properly. Employees are getting deprived of receiving their justified salary as well as incentives properly. In this kind of situation the entire internal structure is getting hampered day by day. Employees are facing issues in receiving their remuneration properly. The lack of motivation is happening at the workplace of global organizations. Automatically, the rate of employee turnover is getting high day by day. Technology issues: Bayerlein (2015) opined that maintaining financial database with the help of accounting is highly dependent on technology. If an individual employee has to face a technological error the entire process of business becomes worthless. In this kind of situation, the customers and the employees show the reluctant attitude in being associated with the organization. Due to the technological error the business experts may have to face difficulties in evaluating the organizational profitability. At the same time, the overall performance record of the employees has already been lost due to sudden technological barrier (Schaffartzik, Wiedenhofer and Eisenmenger 2015). This particular issue is a serious concern for the business experts for maintaining global organization systematically. Literature gap: The previous article critically discusses the importance of the accounting system in any organization based on global market and it largely influences the using of accounting system in the organizations but the portion this lacks is to provide the brief idea about why the incorporation of accounting system is important in every organization. This study further highlights the reason behind the incorporation of accounting system in every organization and highlights the importance of it in global perspective. Hence, it can be said that over the years the process of accounting system has evolved along with increasing its need in the global sector. Summary: From the above it can be seen that earlier the importance of accounting was seen but the reason behind that was unknown and with changing years the reason has been known. However with due course of time, now it can be said that the reason behind the incorporation of accounting on global basis is that every organization needs to have the record of their financial statements so that it helps them to use their capital according to their needs. Accounting helps every organization to have the full records of the monetary transaction and helps the organization to utilize the capital as per its need. Conclusion The entire study has provided an in-depth overview about the necessary challenges of accounting that global organizations have to face for running their entire process of business systematically. With the rhythmic progress of globalization the necessary demands as well as employees are changing gradually. Therefore, implementation of accounting within the business process has rendered a privilege for the business experts in maintaining a proper data and information with the help of accounting software. While evaluating the entire research issue the study has decided to focus on major challenges in implementing accounting software for maintaining financial record. Reference List Apostolou, B., Dorminey, J.W., Hassell, J.M. and Rebele, J.E., 2015. Accounting education literature review (20132014).Journal of Accounting Education,33(2), pp.69-127. Baker, S.R., Bloom, N. and Davis, S.J., 2016. Measuring economic policy uncertainty.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,131(4), pp.1593-1636. Bayerlein, L., 2015. Curriculum innovation in undergraduate accounting degree programmes through virtual internships.Education+ Training,57(6), pp.673-684. Beatty, A. and Liao, S., 2014. Financial accounting in the banking industry: A review of the empirical literature.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.339-383. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B. eds., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Cingano, F., 2014. Trends in income inequality and its impact on economic growth. Claessens, S., 2015. An overview of macroprudential policy tools. Guthrie, J. and D. Parker, L., 2014. The global accounting academic: what counts!.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(1), pp.2-14. Guthrie, J., Burritt, R. and Evans, E., 2012. Challenges for accounting pathways in Australia in 2012: an introduction.Emerging pathways for the next generation of accountants,9. Hall, J.C. and Lawson, R.A., 2014. Economic freedom of the world: an accounting of the literature.Contemporary Economic Policy,32(1), pp.1-19. He, X., Wong, T.J. and Young, D., 2012. Challenges for implementation of fair value accounting in emerging markets: Evidence from China.Contemporary Accounting Research,29(2), pp.538-562. Hodges, R., 2012. Joined?up government and the challenges to accounting and accountability researchers.Financial Accountability Management,28(1), pp.26-51. Lusardi, A. and Mitchell, O.S., 2014. The economic importance of financial literacy: Theory and evidence.Journal of Economic Literature,52(1), pp.5-44. Papaspyropoulos, K.G., Blioumis, V., Christodoulou, A.S., Birtsas, P.K. and Skordas, K.E., 2012. Challenges in implementing environmental management accounting tools: the case of a nonprofit forestry organization.Journal of Cleaner Production,29, pp.132-143. Roman, C., Roman, A.G. and Meier, E., 2014. The challenges of accounting profession as generated by controlling.Theoretical Applied Economics,21(11). Schaffartzik, A., Wiedenhofer, D. and Eisenmenger, N., 2015. Raw material equivalents: the challenges of accounting for sustainability in a globalized world.Sustainability,7(5), pp.5345-5370. Zeff, S.A., 2012. The Evolution of the IASC into the IASB, and the Challenges it Faces.The accounting review,87(3), pp.807-837.